- Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1.The original theory: that the bond between a child and their caregiver is a survival system, not a sentiment.
- Ainsworth, M. et al. (1978). Patterns of Attachment.The Strange Situation studies, which first showed these patterns as observable and consistent.
- Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. (1987). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3).The paper that extended attachment from infancy into adult romantic relationships.
- Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L. (1991). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2).Established the four-category model as two underlying dimensions rather than four separate types.
- Brennan, K., Clark, C. & Shaver, P. (1998). Attachment Theory and Close Relationships.Introduced the two-factor ECR structure — anxiety and avoidance — this quiz is modelled on.
- Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. & Brennan, K. (2000). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2).The ECR-R revision, and the source of the item-keying approach used here.
This quiz is modelled on the ECR-R's two-factor structure and uses its own questions. It is not the ECR-R itself, and it is not a licensed clinical administration of it. This is a self-assessment, not a clinical instrument, and nothing here is a diagnosis. Attachment styles describe patterns in close relationships — they aren't disorders, and they aren't fixed.